Favorable Federal Decisions Index

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1. ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT …………………….16
2. ADVICE OF COUNSEL OR OTHER EXPERT …………………….17
3. AIDING AND ABETTING …………………….19
4. APPEAL …………………….27
   • (Cumulative Error Doctrine) …………………….27
   • (Government Appeal) …………………….29
   • (Harmless Error / Plain Error) …………………….31
   • (Law of the Case) …………………….33
   • (Magistrate Decision Appeal) …………………….34
   • (Moot) …………………….35
   • (Preservation of Issue for appeal) …………………….36
   • (Spillover Effect) …………………….38
   • (Sufficiency of Evidence) …………………….40
   • (Transcripts) …………………….46
   • (Waiver of Right to Appeal Sentence) …………………….47
5. ARMED ROBBERY / BANK ROBBERY …………………….53
6. ARREST …………………….55
7. ARSON AND EXPLOSIVES …………………….56
8. ASSAULT …………………….58
9. ASSIMILATIVE CRIMES ACT …………………….60
10. ATTEMPTED CRIMES …………………….61
11. ATTORNEY-CLIENT ISSUES …………………….65
    • (Conflicts) …………………….65
    • (Contacting a Represented Party) …………………….81
    • (Ineffective – Generally and Procedural Issues) …………………….83
    • (Ineffective Assistance of Counsel — Appeal) …………………….85
    • (Ineffective Assistance of Counsel — Death Penalty Cases) …………………….94
    • (Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Guilty Plea) …………………….110
    • (Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Pre-trial Motions and Investigation) …………………….122
    • (Ineffective – trial and sentencing) …………………….137
    • (Attorney-Client Privilege) …………………….159
    • (Right To Counsel) …………………….173
    • (Criminal Justice Act “CJA”) …………………….190
    • Right To Counsel (Waiver of Right – Faretta Issues) …………………….192
    • (Attorney Work Product) …………………….201
12. BAIL REFORM ACT …………………….205
    • (Bail Pending Appeal) …………………….205
    • (Bail Pending Sentencing) …………………….207
    • (Crime of Violence) …………………….208
    • (Miscellaneous) …………………….209
    • (Risk of Flight) …………………….210
13. BANK FRAUD …………………….211
14. BANKS, MISAPPLICATION OF BANK FUNDS …………………….216
15. BANK ROBBERY …………………….217
16. BANKRUPTCY FRAUD …………………….218
17. BATSON …………………….219
18. BILL OF PARTICULARS…………………….220
19. BRADY …………………….222
    • (Generally) …………………….222
    • (Other Exculpatory Evidence) …………………….229
    • (Other Impeaching Evidence) …………………….238
    • (Perjured Testimony / Inconsistent Statement of Witness) …………………….250
    • (Presentence Report and Probation Reports of Witnesses) …………………….257
    • (Undisclosed Deals of Witness) …………………….258
20. BRIBERY AND GRATUITIES …………………….263
21. BRUTON …………………….270
22. CARJACKING …………………….277
23. CHANGE OF VENUE …………………….278
24. CHARACTER EVIDENCE …………………….280
25. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY …………………….282
26. CHILD SEX OFFENSES …………………….283
27. CHILD SUPPORT RECOVERY ACT …………………….285
28. CIGARETTE OFFENSES…………………….286
29. CLASSIFIED INFORMATION PROCEDURE ACT …………………….287
30. CLOSING ARGUMENT …………………….288
    • (Comment on Evidence or Information not in the …………………….288
    • Record or Mischaracterization of Evidence) …………………….288
    • (Improper Comment on Defendant’s Failure to Testify) …………………….295
    • (Improper Restriction on Defendant’s Closing Argument) …………………….298
    • (Improper Vouching or Bolstering)…………………….300
    • (Other Improper Arguments) …………………….305
31. CO-DEFENDANT’S GUILTY PLEA OR CONVICTION …………………….319
32. COMPETENCE TO STAND TRIAL OR ENTER GUILTY PLEA …………………….322
33. COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT …………………….333
34. COMPULSORY PROCESS …………………….335
35. CONFESSION …………………….336
    • (Fruit of Illegal Arrest or Illegal Search) …………………….336
    • (Fruit of Illegally Obtained Confession) …………………….338
    • (Miranda – Sufficiency of Waiver) …………………….342
    • (Miranda – Sufficiency of Warning)…………………….344
    • (Miranda – In Custody Requirement) …………………….346
    • (Impeaching Defendant With Miranda- or Massiah-Tainted Statement) …………………….355
    • (Miranda — Interrogation Requirement) …………………….356
    • (Public Safety Exception) …………………….362
    • (Psychiatric Examination) …………………….363
    • (Right To Counsel) …………………….365
    • (Right to Remain Silent) …………………….379
    • (Jackson-Denno hearings)…………………….385
    • (Juveniles) …………………….386
    • (McNabb-Mallory Rule) …………………….387
    • (Sufficiency of Evidence to Corroborate a Confession) …………………….389
36. (Voluntariness) …………………….390
37. CONFLICT OF INTEREST …………………….398
38. CONFRONTATION …………………….399
39. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE …………………….407
    • (Crawford v. Washington)…………………….407
40. CONSPIRACY …………………….419
    • (Drug Cases – Insufficient Evidence) …………………….419
    • (Drug Conspiracy – Buyer / Seller Cases) …………………….439
    • (Generally) …………………….442
    • (Multiple Conspiracies) …………………….448
    • (Objects of the Conspiracy) …………………….453
    • (Pinkerton) …………………….458
    • (Withdrawal) …………………….460
41. CONTEMPT …………………….461
    • (Procedural Issues) …………………….461
    • (Miscellaneous) …………………….466
    • (Substantive Issues) …………………….467
42. CONTINUANCES …………………….472
43. CONTINUING CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE …………………….475
    • (Underlying Conspiracy Conviction) …………………….476
44. COPYRIGHT …………………….477
45. COUNTERFEIT GOODS …………………….478
46. COUNTERFEITING …………………….479
47. CREDIT CARD FRAUD …………………….480
48. CRIME OF VIOLENCE…………………….481
49. CROSS-EXAMINATION …………………….482
50. CROSS-EXAMINATION …………………….496
    • (Improper Prosecutorial Questioning) …………………….496
51. CURRENCY TRANSACTION REPORTS (CTR) …………………….501
52. DEATH PENALTY …………………….503
    • (Penalty Phase) …………………….503
    • (Federal Death Penalty)…………………….511
53. DEFENDANT’S APPEARANCE AT TRIAL (SHACKLING) …………………….513
54. DEFENDANT’S PRESENCE AT TRIAL …………………….515
55. DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO SELF-REPRESENTATION …………………….522
56. DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO TESTIFY …………………….526
57. DEPOSITIONS …………………….528
58. DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE …………………….530
59. DETAINERS …………………….532
60. DISCOVERY …………………….533
61. DOUBLE JEOPARDY …………………….542
    • (Collateral Estoppel) …………………….542
    • (Double Punishment) …………………….548
    • (Mistrials; Reversals and Dismissals) …………………….551
    • (Same Crime; Lesser Included Offenses) …………………….562
62. DRUGS …………………….569
    • (Analogue Act) …………………….569
    • (Causing Death) …………………….571
    • (Conspiracy) …………………….572
    • (Doctors / Pharmacists) …………………….573
    • (Importation) …………………….575
    • (Maintaining A House for Purpose of Distributing Drugs) …………………….576
    • (Possession — Possession with Intent to Distribute) …………………….577
    • (Precursor Sales) …………………….594
    • (School Yard / Playground) …………………….595
    • (Use of Juvenile) …………………….597
    • (Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Violations) …………………….598
    • (Distribution) …………………….599
    • (Identification of Drug) …………………….600
63. DUE PROCESS…………………….601
    • (Inconsistent Prosecution Theories) …………………….603
64. DURESS / COERCION / NECESSITY / JUSTIFICATION …………………….604
65. EMBEZZLEMENT …………………….606
66. ENTICING A MINOR FOR SEX …………………….607
67. ENTRAPMENT …………………….610
68. ENTRAPMENT BY ESTOPPEL …………………….620
69. ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES …………………….622
70. ESCAPE …………………….623
71. EVIDENCE …………………….624
    • (Charts and Summaries) …………………….624
    • (Evidence of Civil or Regulatory Violations) …………………….626
    • (Defendant’s Right To Present Exculpatory Evidence) …………………….628
    • (Hearsay – Evidence Offered by the Government) …………………….649
    • (Hearsay – Evidence Offered by the Defendant) …………………….659
    • (Rule 104 – Preliminary determination of admissibility) …………………….665
    • (Rule 106 – Rule of Completeness)…………………….666
    • (Rule 403 – Prejudice versus Relevance) …………………….667
    • (Rule 404(a)) – Character Evidence) …………………….680
    • (Rule 404(b) – Similar Transactions – General Principles) …………………….682
    • (Rule 404(b) — Similar Transactions; Other Offenses – DRUG CASES)…………………….686
    • (Rule 404(b) – Similar Transactions – Non-Drug Cases) …………………….695
    • (Rule 404(b) – Similar Transactions – Defendant’s Use of 404(b) Evidence) …………………….706
    • (Rule 404(b) – Notice Requirement) …………………….708
    • (Rule 405 – Character Evidence) …………………….709
    • (Rule 408 – Civil Settlement Negotiations) …………………….710
    • (Rule 410 and Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(f))…………………….711
    • (Rule 412 – Rape Shield Statute) …………………….713
    • (Rules 413 and 414 – Evidence of Similar Crimes in …………………….715
    • Sexual Assault and Child Molestation Cases) …………………….715
    • (Rule 605 – Judicial Testimony) …………………….716
    • (Rule 606(b)) …………………….717
    • (Rule 608(a) – Opinion testimony relating to witness’s truthfulness) …………………….719
    • (Rule 608(b) – Impeachment through prior bad acts) …………………….720
    • (Rule 609 – Impeachment through prior conviction)…………………….724
    • (Rule 613 – Prior Inconsistent Statement) …………………….728
    • (Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony) …………………….731
    • (Rule 702 – Expert Testimony) …………………….738
    • (Rule 801(d)(1)(A) — Inconsistent Statement in Sworn Testimony) …………………….739
    • (Rule 801(d)(1)(B) – Prior Consistent Statements) …………………….740
    • (Rule 801(d)(2)(B) – Adopted Admissions) …………………….743
    • (Rule 801(d)(2)(D) – Statement of party’s agent) …………………….744
    • (Rule 801(d)(2)(E) – Co-conspirator statements) …………………….746
    • (Rule 803(1) – Present Sense Impression) …………………….751
    • (Rule 803(2) — Excited Utterance) …………………….753
    • (Rule 803(3) – State of Mind) …………………….754
    • (Rule 803(4) – Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis) …………………….755
    • (Rule 803(6) – Business Records) …………………….756
    • (RULE 803(8) – Public Records and Reports) …………………….760
    • (RULE 803(15) — statement in a document affecting an interest in property) …………………….761
    • (Rule 803(18) – Learned Treatise) …………………….762
    • (Rule 803(24) – Residual Exception – NOW Rule 807) …………………….763
    • (Rule 804(a) – Definition of Unavailability) …………………….764
    • (Rule 804(b)(1) – Prior Testimony) …………………….765
    • (Rule 804(b)(3) — Statement Against Interest) …………………….768
    • (Former Rule 804(b)(5)) — SEE: Rule 807) …………………….772
    • (Rule 804(b)(5) – Forfeiture by Wrongdoing) …………………….773
    • (Rule 806 – Impeaching Declarant) …………………….775
    • (Rule 807 – Residual Exception) …………………….777
    • (Rule 901 – Authentication) …………………….779
    • (Rule 1002 – Best Evidence Rule) …………………….781
72. EX POST FACTO …………………….782
73. EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE …………………….787
74. EXPERT TESTIMONY …………………….788
    • (Expert Evidence Offered by the Defendant) …………………….788
75. (Expert Evidence Offered by the Government) …………………….795
76. EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL RECORD …………………….806
77. EXTORTION …………………….807
78. EXTORTIONATE EXTENSIONS OF CREDIT …………………….808
79. EXTRADITION …………………….809
80. EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF LAWS …………………….810
81. EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION …………………….811
82. FAIR TRIAL / FREE PRESS …………………….812
83. FALSE STATEMENTS / FALSE CLAIMS …………………….815
84. FEDERAL OFFICER REMOVAL STATUTE …………………….823
85. FIFTH AMENDMENT …………………….824
86. FIFTH AMENDMENT …………………….831
    • (Immunity and Proffers) …………………….831
    • (Defense Witness Immunity) …………………….839
    • (Foregone Conclusion Doctrine) …………………….840
    • (Required Records Doctrine) …………………….841
87. FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE …………………….842
88. FIREARMS …………………….843
    • (Armed Career Criminal Act) …………………….843
    • (Explosives)…………………….848
    • (Possession by Prohibited Person) …………………….849
    • (Possession By Illegal Alien) …………………….860
    • (Possession By Drug User) …………………….861
    • (Miscellaneous) …………………….862
    • (Use of Firearm . . . § 924(c) )…………………….867
89. FIRST AMENDMENT …………………….877
90. FLIGHT EVIDENCE …………………….881
91. FOOD AND DRUG ACT VIOLATIONS …………………….882
92. FORCED LABOR …………………….883
93. FORFEITURE …………………….884
    • (Attorneys Fees)…………………….884
    • (Criminal Procedure) …………………….890
    • (Extent of Forfeiture; Proportionality; Excessive Fine) …………………….895
    • (Innocent Owner Defense) …………………….898
    • (Miscellaneous) …………………….899
    • (Procedure — Generally) …………………….902
    • (Procedure – Notice of Seizure) …………………….904
    • (Procedure — Seizure) …………………….906
    • (Standing) …………………….910
    • (Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Forfeiture) …………………….912
94. FORGERY …………………….916
95. FUNDS FOR EXPERTS …………………….917
96. GAMBLING …………………….920
97. GOVERNMENTAL MISCONDUCT …………………….922
    • (Selective Prosecution) …………………….932
    • (Vindictive Prosecution) …………………….933
98. GRAND JURY …………………….934
    • (Attorney /Client Privilege) …………………….934
    • (Generally) …………………….941
    • (Subpoenas) …………………….946
99. GUILTY PLEAS …………………….948
    • (Advice of Possible Sentence and Consequence of Plea) …………………….948
    • (Conditional Plea) …………………….954
    • (Factual Basis and Advice of Nature of Charges) …………………….955
    • (Miscellaneous) …………………….963
    • (PLEA AGREEMENTS) …………………….968
    • (Right to Withdraw) …………………….969
    • (Voluntariness; Adequacy of Waiver of Rights) …………………….978
100. HANDWRITING EVIDENCE …………………….982
101. HARBORING A FUGITIVE …………………….983
102. HATE CRIME …………………….984
103. HEALTH CARE FRAUD …………………….985
104. HOBBS ACT …………………….987
105. IDENTIFICATION …………………….994
106. IDENTITY THEFT …………………….999
107. IMMIGRATION OFFENSES …………………….1002
108. IMMUNITY …………………….1011
109. IMPOSSIBILITY …………………….1012
110. INDICTMENTS …………………….1013
     • (Dismissal – Rules 12(h)(2) and 48(a)) …………………….1018
     • (DISMISSAL BASED ON UNDISPUTED FACTS) …………………….1020
     • (Duplicity) …………………….1021
     • (Joinder) …………………….1023
     • (Multiplicity) …………………….1024
     • (Variances and Amendments)…………………….1031
     • (Sealing) …………………….1039
     • (Apprendi) …………………….1040
111. INFORMANTS — DISCOVERY …………………….1041
112. INSANITY …………………….1042
113. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE SUMMONS …………………….1046
114. INTERPRETERS …………………….1047
115. INTERSTATE OFFENSES …………………….1049
116. INTOXICATION DEFENSE …………………….1056
117. JENCKS ACT …………………….1057
118. JUDGES …………………….1060
     • (Motion to Recuse; Removal on Remand) …………………….1060
     • (COMMENTING ON THE EVIDENCE) …………………….1067
     • (MISCELLANEOUS) …………………….1068
119. JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT …………………….1069
120. JUROR MISCONDUCT / EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE / ISSUES DURING DELIBERATIONS …………………….1073
121. JURY …………………….1085
     • (Alternates) …………………….1085
     • (Anonymous Jury) …………………….1087
     • (Eleven-Member Jury) …………………….1088
     • (Evidence in Jury Room) …………………….1089
     • (Fair Cross Section)…………………….1091
     • (Hung Jury) …………………….1093
     • (PARTIAL VERDICT)…………………….1094
     • (QUESTIONING WITNESSES) …………………….1095
     • (Removal of Juror During Deliberations) …………………….1096
     • (Replaying Testimony – Questions During Deliberations) …………………….1097
     • (Right To Jury Trial) …………………….1100
     • (Unanimous Verdict) …………………….1102
     • (Special Verdict Forms) …………………….1103
     • (Waiver of Right to Jury) …………………….1104
122. JURY INSTRUCTIONS …………………….1105
     • (Allen Charge) …………………….1105
     • (Burden of Proof) …………………….1109
     • (Defendant’s Failure To Testify) …………………….1110
     • (DEFENDANT’S CREDIBILITY) …………………….1111
     • (Defendant’s Theory or Defense) …………………….1112
     • (Deliberate Ignorance) …………………….1118
     • (Elements of the Offense or Defense) …………………….1124
     • (Flight) …………………….1137
     • (Good Faith)…………………….1138
     • (Inconsistent Verdicts) …………………….1140
     • (Intent / Willfulness) …………………….1141
     • (Knowledge) …………………….1149
     • (MISCELLANEOUS) …………………….1156
     • (Missing Witness)…………………….1157
     • (Presumptions) …………………….1158
     • (Lesser Included Offenses) …………………….1159
     • (Reasonable Doubt) …………………….1164
     • (Recharge) …………………….1167
     • (Sentence – Mandatory Minimums)…………………….1169
     • (Special Interrogatories) …………………….1170
     • (Spoliation) …………………….1171
     • (Standard of Review) …………………….1172
     • (Unanimity) …………………….1175
     • (Witness Credibility)…………………….1177
123. JURY SELECTION …………………….1178
     • (Batson v. Kentucky)…………………….1178
     • (False Voir Dire Answers) …………………….1195
     • (Peremptory Strikes) …………………….1196
     • (Voir Dire – Excusals for Cause) …………………….1197
     • (Voir Dire– Excusals For Cause – Death Penalty Cases) …………………….1202
124. JUVENILE CASES …………………….1203
125. KIDNAPPING …………………….1204
126. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES …………………….1206
127. MAIL FRAUD …………………….1207
     • (Proof of Fraud) …………………….1207
     • (Proof of Mailing or Wiring) …………………….1218
     • (Intangible Rights — Honest Services) …………………….1224
128. MAILING THREATENING COMMUNICATIONS …………………….1230
129. MATERIALITY …………………….1231
130. MERGER OF OFFENSES …………………….1236
131. MISPRISION OF A FELONY …………………….1237
132. MISTAKE OF FACT …………………….1238
133. MISTAKE OF LAW …………………….1242
134. MONEY LAUNDERING …………………….1246
135. MURDER IN AID OF RACKETEERING …………………….1260
136. MURDER / MANSLAUGHTER …………………….1261
137. MURDER FOR HIRE …………………….1262
138. NEW TRIAL / NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE …………………….1264
139. OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE …………………….1269
140. OPENING STATEMENT …………………….1280
141. OPINION TESTIMONY …………………….1282
142. PARALLEL PROCEEDINGS …………………….1283
143. PERJURY …………………….1284
144. PHOTOGRAPHS …………………….1288
145. PLEA AGREEMENTS …………………….1289
     • (Breach of Plea Agreement) …………………….1289
     • (Improper Judicial Participation) …………………….1314
146. POLYGRAPHS …………………….1318
147. PORNOGRAPHY ……………………1320
148. POSSE COMITATUS ACT …………………….1328
149. POST-ARREST SILENCE AND INVOCATION OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL …………………….1329
150. PRIVILEGES …………………….1335
     • (Accountant-Client) …………………….1335
     • (Journalist) …………………….1336
     • (Marital) …………………….1337
     • (Pre-trial Services Worker) …………………….1339
     • (Psychiatrist-patient)…………………….1340
     • (Reporter’s Privilege) …………………….1341
151. PROBATION REVOCATION / SUPERVISED RELEASE …………………….1342
152. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT …………………….1344
153. PUBLIC AUTHORITY DEFENSE …………………….1345
154. PUBLIC TRIAL …………………….1346
155. RAPE …………………….1351
156. RE-OPENING EVIDENCE …………………….1352
157. RICO …………………….1355
     • (Forfeiture) …………………….1360
158. ROBBERY …………………….1362
159. SABOTAGE …………………….1363
160. SEARCH AND SEIZURE …………………….1364
     • (Abandonment) …………………….1364
     • (Access to Warrant) …………………….1366
     • (Administrative and Regulatory Searches) …………………….1367
     • (Airport, Bus Station and Train Station Searches) …………………….1370
     • (Anticipatory Warrant) …………………….1379
     • (Appeal by Government) …………………….1380
     • (Appellate Issues) …………………….1381
     • (Arrest Warrants – Arrests in Homes) …………………….1382
     • (Arrests – Good Faith) …………………….1386
     • (Arrest – Material Witness Warrant) …………………….1388
     • (Arrest – Pretext Arrests) …………………….1389
     • (Arrest – Probable Cause) …………………….1390
     • (Arrest – What Constitutes an Arrest?) …………………….1395
     • (Attenuation) …………………….1399
     • (Automobiles) …………………….1402
     • (Border Searches) …………………….1413
     • (Cell Phones) …………………….1417
     • (COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE DOCTRINE) …………………….1420
     • (Community Caretaking Function) …………………….1421
     • (Computers)…………………….1423
     • (Consent – Generally) …………………….1433
     • (Consent — Product of Unlawful Detention, Entry, Prior Search, or Arrest) …………………….1444
     • (Consent – Third Party Consent) …………………….1451
     • (Curtilage) …………………….1460
     • (DOGS) …………………….1463
     • (Execution of Search Warrant) …………………….1465
     • (Exigent Circumstances) …………………….1470
     • (Expectation of Privacy) …………………….1482
     • (Franks v. Delaware)…………………….1487
     • (Fruits) …………………….1493
     • (Good Faith / Leon) …………………….1500
     • (GPS DEVICES and CELL SITE LOCATION INFORMATION) …………………….1516
     • (Highway Stops) …………………….1519
     • (Incident to Arrest) …………………….1539
     • (Independent Source) …………………….1546
     • (Inevitable Discovery) …………………….1548
     • (Informants) …………………….1556
     • (Inventory Searches – Impoundment) …………………….1559
     • (Knock and Announce) …………………….1564
     • (Neutral and Detached Magistrate) …………………….1567
     • (Nexus between crime and place to be searched) …………………….1568
     • (Particularity of Place to Be Searched) …………………….1573
     • (Particularity of Things to be Seized) …………………….1575
     • (Plain View) …………………….1581
     • (Pre-Search Seizure) …………………….1586
     • (Private Search) …………………….1589
     • (Probable Cause) …………………….1594
     • (Probationer / Parolee / Pretrial Release) …………………….1603
     • (Return of Seized Property – Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g))…………………….1606
     • (Road Blocks) …………………….1609
     • (Security Sweep) …………………….1611
     • (Seizures) …………………….1616
     • (Single Purpose Container Exception) …………………….1618
     • (Staleness) …………………….1619
     • (Standing) …………………….1621
     • (STRIP SEARCHES) …………………….1629
     • (Student Searches) …………………….1630
     • (Terry Stop – Improper Frisk) …………………….1631
     • (Terry Stop – Invalid Basis for Seizure) …………………….1638
     • (Terry Stop – Prolonged Duration, or Improper Nature, of Seizure) …………………….1655
     • (Terry Stop — What Constitutes a Seizure) …………………….1663
     • (Unreasonable Searches) …………………….1672
     • (Waiver of Motion to Suppress) …………………….1673
     • (What Constitutes a Search) …………………….1674
161. SECURITIES FRAUD …………………….1680
162. SELECTIVE PROSECUTION …………………….1683
163. SELF DEFENSE …………………….1684
164. SEQUESTRATION …………………….1685
165. SEVERANCE …………………….1686
     • (Counts — Misjoinder) …………………….1686
     • (Severing Defendants) …………………….1690
166. SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION ACT …………………….1695
167. SEX TOURISM …………………….1697
168. SPEECH OR DEBATE CLAUSE …………………….1698
169. SPEEDY TRIAL …………………….1699
     • (Constitutional) …………………….1699
     • (Statutory) …………………….1703
170. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS …………………….1715
171. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION …………………….1721
     • (Rule of Lenity) …………………….1721
172. SUBPOENAS …………………….1724
173. TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS…………………….1725
174. TAX OFFENSES …………………….1726
175. TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ALTERING EQUIPMENT …………………….1731
176. TELEPHONE HARASSMENT …………………….1732
177. THEFT OFFENSES …………………….1733
178. THREATENING THE PRESIDENT …………………….1736
179. THREATENING COMMUNICATIONS …………………….1737
180. TRANSACTIONAL IMMUNITY …………………….1738
181. TRAVEL ACT …………………….1739
182. TRANSCRIPTS …………………….1741
183. VENUE …………………….1743
184. VERDICT FORM …………………….1747
185. VIENNA CONVENTION …………………….1749
186. VIOLENCE IN AID OF RACKETEERING …………………….1750
187. WILDLIFE OFFENSES (LACEY ACT) …………………….1751
188. WIRETAP EVIDENCE …………………….1752
189. WIRETAP OFFENSES (18 U.S.C. § 2511)…………………….1758
190. WITNESSES …………………….1759
191. (Access to Government Witnesses) …………………….1759
     • (Attorneys) …………………….1761
     • (Bolstering / Vouching) …………………….1762
     • (Competence of Witness) …………………….1767
     • (Exclusion of Witness Whose Testimony Was Coerced) …………………….1768
     • (Invoking Fifth Amendment)…………………….1769
     • (Prosecutor) …………………….1770
     • (Prosecutor or Judge Threatening Defense Witnesses) …………………….1771
     • (Threat Evidence) …………………….1774
192. WORK PRODUCT …………………….1775